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Overview of Technology Options Before the systems were presented, Dr. Geoff Rigby, Dir. at Reninna Pty Ltd in Charlestown, NSW Australia described a number of types of ballast water technologies. He also commented on how he felt the systems fared in terms of Technically Efficiency and Cost Effectiveness. Rigby described Technical Efficiency in terms of water replacement and/or the ability to kill or render biological organisms inactive. His definition of Cost Effectiveness was based on capital cost recovery factor of 0.149 and included a basis of operating costs for bulk carrier, LNG carrier and containerships. Prices are in Australian dollars/cents and are represented as per cubic meter of ballast water.
Ballast Open Ocean Ballast Water Exchange: Currently the main option for ballast water management. Rigby said this was the cheapest but poses a very serious risk of excessive organism invasion. Technical efficiency (TE)- 95-99% water replacement. Cost effectiveness (CE)- 3.7 A. cents/m3 Heating with Ballast Water tank flushing/exchange: Technology uses heat from the ship (or another source) to heat the water in the tanks to temperatures that would kill nuisance organisms. TE could be close to 100% CE w/o flushing 5.6 A. cents/m 3 CE w/flushing 9.1 A. cents/m3 Using a filter system to strain out nuisance species. Efficiency varies by screen diameter in microns. TE 82-95% at 50 microns, 74-94% at 25 microns CE 11.7 to 32 A. cents/m3 Types include hypochlorite (chlorine), hydrogen peroxide and others. TE not determined CE 24 A. cents/m3 to 40 A. dollars/m3
Systems that use voraxial, venturi or cyclonic technology to separate out the nuisance species. TE not determined due to limited results/data CE not determined due to limited results/data TE - Zapping the ballast water with UV radiation requires pre-filtration and is ineffective for certain organisms, such as microbes in cysts, says Rigby. CE w/ filtration 28 to 84.2 A. cents/m3 Return to Top of Page The following reports are based on presentations made at the International BW Treatment R&D Symposium in London March 26-27, 2001. Opinions and estimates are those of the Presenter's unless otherwise noted. CQD Journal for the Maritime Environment Industry makes no assertions as to the validity of the statements or opinions and cannot be held responsible for any of the information or claims contained therein. We make every effort to report as accurately as possible, as presented by the speakers during the session. For further information, contact persons are supplied. The brief outline given for each technology is based on three criteria (as described by Alec Bilney on Day One of the conference) Reliability, Cost Effectiveness and Biological Effectiveness in a SHIPBOARD environment.
I. Technologies Currently Available for Ballast Water Treatment The Optimarin System as presented by Birgir Nilsen, OptiMarin AS, March 27, 2001 Email: bnilsen@optimarin.comWeb: www.optimarin.com
Technology Ultra Violet radiation with Venturi Separation. Installed and operating on the C/S Regal Princess.
II. Technologies Tested aboard Ships
Ballast Water (BW) Treatment by Filtration as presented by Dr. Jose Matheickal, Singapore Environmental Technology Inst., March 26, 2001 Email: jtmath@rti.org.sgWeb: www.eti.org.sgTechnology Screen Filtration systems tested on ship-mounted and barge-mounted ballast filtration systems.
BW Treatment by Heat (with Flushing) as presented by Dr. Geoff Rigby, Reninna Consulting, March 26, 2001 Email: rigby@mail.comTechnology Using heat from main engine cooling system on a ship to kill organisms. Follow up the process with flushing. Shipboard trials completed aboard the 140,000 DWT BHP Bulk Carrier, M/V Iron Whyalla in 1993 and later.
BW Treatment by Heat (with Recycle) as presented by Dr. Douglas Mountfort, Cawthron Institute, March 26, 2001 Email: doug@cawthron.org.nzWeb: www.cawthron.org.nz
Great Lakes BW Technology Demonstration Project as presented by Ms. Allegra Cangelosi, NEIMW Institute, March 27, 2001 Email:
acangelo@nemw.org Technology Fieldwork and shipboard testing of a range of technologies including
filtration, cyclonic separation and ultra violet radiation. Four years of project work including ship testing on C/S Regal Princess and M/V Algonorth. Conclusions from their presentation paper are quoted as follows:
For Filtration:
For Cyclonic Separation:
For UV (very much influenced by turbidity):
For Cyclonic Separation combined with UV:
For Filtration combined with UV:
Regarding UV treatment and Bacteria:
III. Technologies Not Tested aboard Ships
BW Treatment by Heat (Using Heat Exchangers) as presented by Dr. Peilin Zhou and Vassilios Lagogiannis, Univ. of Newcastle, March 26, 2001 Email: Web:
Technology Using heat from a heat source other than the main engine (such as heat exchanger) to create steam heat during the de-ballasting process. Tested as far as feasibility studies.
BW Treatment by Ozonation as presented by Aage Bjorn Andersen, Det Norske Veritas, March 26, 2001. Email: aage.bjorn.Andersen@dnv.com
Technology Taking ozonation systems that are used in the water treatment industry and adapting them for ships. Tested as far as laboratory studies.
BW Treatment by De-oxygenation as presented by Wilson J. Browning III, Browning Transport Management, Inc., March 26, 2001 Email:
will@wjbrowning.com -Technology Using vacuum chamber to remove dissolved oxygen from ballast water
during ballasting. Tested in environment to simulate shipboard studies.
BW Treatment by Electro-ionisation as presented by Dr. Joseph Aliotta, Marine Environmental Partners, Inc., March 26, 2001 Email:
mark@mepi.net Technology Using gas generators to pump in gases (O, N and CL) to kill organisms in
tanks. Tested as far as pilot testing shipboard testing intended for summer '01 aboard a Carnival Cruise line vessel.
BW Treatment by Gas Supersaturation as presented by Dr. Anders Jelmert, Institute of Marine Research, Norway, March 26, 2001. Email:
Technology Subject biota to "gas bubble trauma," an affliction more commonly known to divers as "the bends." Tested as far as laboratory studies.
SeaKleen a Natural Biocide for BW Treatment as presented by Dr. David Wight, Univ. of Maryland, March 27, 2001 Email: Technology Chemical treatment using SeaKleen, a natural biocide. Tested as far as laboratory studies, shipboard treatment pending in May of 2001.
Peraclean Ocean a Potential BW Treatment Option
as presented by Dr. Rainer Fuchs, Degussa AG, March 27, 2001 Email:
Web: Technology Hydrogen peroxide-based chemical treatment. Tested as far as laboratory studies.
BW Treatment with Available Biocides as presented by Mr. Bill McCracken, Michigan Dept. of Environmental Quality, March 27, 2001 Email: Technology BW treatment with currently available biocides such as hypochlorite (CL)
gluteraldehyde and copper ion. Tested in feasibility and laboratory (gluteraldehyde). With regards to chlorine and copper ion:
BW Treatment R&D Activities in Japan as presented by Mr. Takeaki Kikuchi, Japan Assoc. of Marine Safety, March 27, 2001 Email:
Technology Fieldwork and shipboard testing of gas injection (natural air) into ballast water using a "special pipe" during ballasting operations. Ten years of project work and
a land based system to simulate shipboard environment.
BWT Systems by Maritime Solutions as presented by Mr. Richard Fredricks, Maritime Solutions, March 27, 2001 Email: info@maritimesolutionsinc
Technology two stage process using separation by voraxial flow followed by UV or chemical biocide treatment. Feasibility tested, shipboard testing to commence in May 2001 on 39,00 DWT M/V Cape May.
Effects of Cyclonic Separation and UV Treatment as presented by Dr. Terri Sutherland, Fisheries and Oceans, Canada, March 27, 2001. Email: Technology two stage process using cyclonic separation followed by UV treatment. Tested in laboratory studies.
Testing of BW Technologies at Large Scale as presented by Dr. Thomas Waite, Univ. of Miami, March 27, 2001 Email:
Waite and his colleagues designed a simulated shipboard BW treatment system at their facilities at the University of Miami. They are currently in the process of testing a
number of technologies alone and in combination with each other. These include Filtration, UV and Hydrocyclone systems. Results should be expected after June 2001. US Pacific Coast Ballast Water Treatment Project
- as presented by Mr. Scott Smith, Washington Dept. of Fish & Wildlife, March 27, 2001 Email:
Smith discussed pending construction on a research facility based on the US West Coast for pilot scale testing, shipboard installations, establishing standardization protocols and other projects related to ballast water treatment.
Simulations of Ballast Water Treatment as presented by Dr. Arne E Holdo, Univ. of Hertfordshire, March 27, 2001 Email:
Holde discussed research at the Univ. of Hertforshire related to ballast water and modeling for BW exchange in open ocean, modeling of BW system based on the Optimar design and others.
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Water (BW) Treatment Options and how they rate on the Rigby scale:
C
Technology Using heat from main engine system or steam coils
on a ship to kill organisms. Process recycles water from tank through the system to increase effectiveness. Shipboard trials completed aboard Chemical Tanker M/T Iver Stream in Feb' 01 and M/V Union Rotoma in 1998.
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This page last updated by Miller Associates: Thursday, June 05, 2003 |
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